Changes in the Family

Every human being has the need for affection and to have someone toward whom he can express love and affection. Family and friends supply this need. Here, too, changes take place as people grow older. Already noted is the fact that women have to take into account the time when all of the children have left home. Men retire and lose some of their old friends. Other friends of the older couple move away. The later years also present the possibility of the death and dying of one of the marriage partners. (more…)

A number of global changes occur in the human nervous system with age. These changes affect the Autonomic Nervous System as well as other parts of the nervous system. The weight and volume of the nervous system reaches a maximum at puberty and later begins a progressive decline beginning in middle age. Some areas are relatively spared, such as the parietal lobes and brain stem. In the peripheral nerves, there is a loss in fiber number and a loss of myelination. The number of neurons is reduced with age, although the extent of loss has been difficult to assess in human. (more…)

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The senses of smell and taste are termed chemical senses because they detect chemical stimuli and encode chemosensory information into neural signals. A variety of diagnostic terms have been used to describe smell and taste disorders. Standard classification terms for olfactory disorders are anosmia (absence of smell), hyposmia (diminished sensitivity of smell), and dysosmia (distortion of normal smell). Phantosmia, a type of dysosmia, refers to perception odor in absence of an odor stimulus, and parosmia refers to distortion of odor perception when an odor is present. For taste, diagnostic terms include ageusia (absence of taste), hypogeusia (diminished sensitivity of taste), and dysgeusia (distortion of normal taste). (more…)