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The proportion of elderly at any age without any chronic conditions is small, and disease can trigger a cascade of events resulting in functional deficits and disability. An increase in the number of activities with which an elder has difficulty increases linearly with comorbidity, that is, coexistent medical conditions that further complicate not only the genesis of a functional deficit but also its treatment. For example, rehabilitation for a stroke for an individual who also has painful, degenerative changes in the foot and a low tolerance for stressful activity secondary to angina with exertion would present a particular rehabilitation challenge. Yet, this example encapsulates geriatric rehabilitation specialist’s emphasis on care and function, not cure and disease. (more…)

It is never too late to promote life span extension through sensible diet. A study shows that a strict low-calorie diet can promote life span of mice more than 40 percent. Many studies have shown that using this method on starting young mice on a diet with calorie restriction can help them live months longer than animals fed a standard diet. But the new study shows that even 19 months old mice can be comparable to 60 and 65 years of life in human. Those can be achieved by eating fewer calories. (more…)

In past decades, the traditional understanding of education, which was exclusively oriented toward formal learning in childhood and young adulthood, has been broadened to the concept of lifelong learning. Different versions of this concept have in common the idea that learning in different phases of human life span, (more…)

The term education describes the process of acquiring abilities, skills, experiences, and knowledge systems as well as the results of this process. Specific contents of education reflect general cultural values and preferences of social environments and milieus, social change, and societal progress. (more…)

Biomarkers today are used by health practitioners and researchers in a variety of settings, including clinical settings, laboratories, and community-based surveys. Epidemiological studies using biomarkers have expanded our knowledge base about aging in the community, population differences in health, and the clinical significance of many biomarkers. (more…)

Creativity is most often defined as the individual capacity to generate ideas that are both original and useful. In everyday life there are numerous solutions to problems that work just fine but are totally routine, such as a motorist’s decision to take an alternate route to the grocery store when an automobile accident blocks the habitual route. Of course, the two defining components of creativity—originality and utility—are not discrete characteristics—there are varying degrees of these elements in a creative idea. (more…)

Reactive radicals of nitrogen (nitric oxide and derivatives such as peroxynitrite) and of oxygen (superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical) can inflict considerable damage on macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, complex lipids), give rise to carcinogens (e.g., nitrosamines), and trigger (or sometimes prevent) apoptotic death of cells such as macrophages and vascular epithelial cells. There are mechanisms for scavenging and antagonizing those highly reactive species of molecules and for repairing damage caused by them. (more…)

Aging theories cover the biochemical, genetic, and physiological properties of a typical organism, and the way these properties change with time. Genetic theories deal with speculations regarding the identity of aging genes, accumulation of errors in the genetic machinery, programmed senescence, and telomeres. Biochemical theories are concerned with energy metabolism, generation of free (more…)

Aging theories cover the physiological, genetic, biochemical properties of a typical organism, and the way these properties change with time. Theories of genetic dealing with the identity of aging obesity genes, accumulation of errors in the genetic machinery, programmed senescence, and telomeres theory. Biochemical theories are concerned with generation of free radicals, the rate of living, energy metabolism, and the health of mitochondria. While Theory of Physiological deal most entirely with the endocrine system and the purpose of hormones in governing the rate of cellular aging. (more…)